An expression is any valid set of literals, variables, operators, and expressions that evaluates to a single value. The value may be a number, a string, or a logical value. Conceptually, there are two types of expressions: those that assign a value to a variable, and those that simply have a value. For example, the expression
x = 7
is an expression that assigns x the value 7. This expression itself evaluates to 7. Such expressions use assignment operators. On the other hand, the expression
3 + 4
simply evaluates to 7; it does not perform an assignment. The operators used in such expressions are referred to simply as operators.
JavaScript has the following kinds of expressions:
ΓÇóArithmetic: evaluates to a number, for example ΓÇóString: evaluates to a character string, for example "Fred" or "234" ΓÇóLogical: evaluates to true or false
The special keyword null denotes a null value. In contrast, variables that have not been assigned a value are undefined, and cannot be used without a run-time error.
Conditional Expressions
A conditional expression can have one of two values based on a condition. The syntax is
(condition) ? val1 : val2
If condition is true, the expression has the value of val1, Otherwise it has the value of val2. You can use a conditional expression anywhere you would use a standard expression.
For example,
status = (age >= 18) ? "adult" : "minor"
This statement assigns the value "adult" to the variable status if age is eighteen or greater. Otherwise, it assigns the value "minor" to status.
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=)
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. The basic assignment operator is equal (=), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x.
The other operators are shorthand for standard arithmetic operations as follows:
ΓÇóx += y means x = x + y ΓÇóx -= y means x = x - y ΓÇóx *= y means x = x * y ΓÇóx /= y means x = x / y ΓÇóx %= y means x = x % y
There are additional assignment operators for bitwise operations:
ΓÇóx <<= y means x = x << y ΓÇóx >>= y means x = x >> y ΓÇóx >>>= means x = x >>> y ΓÇóx &= means x = x & y ΓÇóx ^= means x = x ^ y ΓÇóx |= means x = x | y
Operators
LiveScript has arithmetic, string, and logical operators. There are both binary and unary operators. A binary operator requires two operands, one before the operator and one after the operator:
operand1 operator operand2
For example, 3 + 4 or x * y
A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:
operator operand
or
operand operator
For example x++ or ++x.
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.
Standard Arithmetic Operators
The standard arthmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/). These operators work in the standard way.
Modulus (%)
The modulus operator is used as follows:
var1 % var2
The modulus operator returns the first operand modulo the second operand, that is, var1 modulo var2, in the statement above, where var1 and var2 are variables. The modulo function is the remainder of integrally dividing var1 by var2. For example, 12 % 5 returns 2.
Increment (++)
The increment operator is used as follows:
var++ or ++var
This operator increments (adds one to) its operand and returns a value. If used postfix, with operator after operand (for example x++), then it returns the value before incrementing. If used prefix with operator before operand (for example, ++x), then it returns the value after incrementing.
For example, if x is 3, then the statement
y = x++
increments x to 4 and sets y to 3.
If x is 3, then the statement
y = ++x
increments x to 4 and sets y to 4.
Decrement (--)
The decrement operator is used as follows:
var-- or --var
This operator decrements (subtracts one from) its operand and returns a value. If used postfix (for example x--) then it returns the value before decrementing. If used prefix (for example, --x), then it returns the value after decrementing.
For example, if x is 3, then the statement
y = x--
decrements x to 2 and sets y to 3.
If x is 3, then the statement
y = --x
decrements x to 2 and sets y to 2.
Unary negation (-)
The unary negation operator must precede its operand. It negates its operand. For example,
x = -x
negates the value of x; that is if x were 3, it would become -3.
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of bits (zeros and ones), rather than as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. For example, the decimal number 9 has a binary representation of 101. Bitwise operators perform their operations on such binary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values.
Bitwise Logical Operators
The bitwise operators are:
ΓÇóBitwise AND &. Returns a one if both operands are ones. ΓÇóBitwise OR |. Returns a one if either operand is one. ΓÇóBitwise XOR ^. Returns a one if one but not both operands are one.
The bitwise logical operators work conceptually as follows:
ΓÇóThe operands are converted to 32-bit integers, and expressed a series of bits (zeros and ones). ΓÇóEach bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on. ΓÇóThe operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise.
Bitwise Shift Operators
The bitwise shift operators are:
ΓÇóLeft Shift (<lt;) ΓÇóSign-propagating Right Shift (>>) ΓÇóZero-fill Right shift (>>>)
The shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.
Shift operators convert their operands to 32-bit integers, and return a result of the same type as the left operator.
Left Shift (<lt;)
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the left are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the right.
Example TBD.
Sign-propagating Right Shift (>>)
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Copies of the leftmost bit are shifted in from the left.
Example TBD.
Zero-fill right shift (>>>)
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the left.
Example TBD.
Logical Operators
Logical operators take logical (Boolean) values as operands. They return a logical value. Logical values are true and false.
And (&&)
Usage: expr1 && expr2
The logical "and" operator returns true if both logical expressions expr1 and expr2 are true. Otherwise, it returns false.
Or (||)
Usage: expr1 || expr2
The logical "or" operator returns true if either logical expression expr1 or expr2 is true. If both expr1 and expr2 are false, then it returns false.
Not (!)
Usage: !expr
The logical "not" operator is a unary operator that negates its operand expression expr. That is, if expr is true, it returns false, and if expr is false, then it returns true.
Short-Circuit Evaluation
As logical expressions are evaluated left to right, they are tested for possible "short circuit" evaluation using the following rule:
ΓÇófalse && anything is short-circuit evaluated to false. ΓÇótrue || anything is short-circuit evaluated to true.
The rules of logic guarantee that these evaluations will always be correct. Note that the anything part of the above expressions is not evaluated, so any side effects of doing so do not take effect.
Comparison Operators (= =, >, >=, <, <=, !=)
A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the comparison is true or not. The operands may be numerical or string values. When used on string values, the comparisons are based on the standard lexicographical ordering.
The operators are:
ΓÇóEqual (= =): returns true if the operands are equal. ΓÇóNot equal (!=): returns true if the operands are not equal. ΓÇóGreater than (>): returns true if left operand is greater than right operand. Example: x > y returns true if x is greater than y. ΓÇóGreater than or equal to (>=): returns true if left operand is greater than or equal to right operand. Example: x >= y returns true if x is greater than or equal to y. ΓÇóLess than (<): returns true if left operand is less than right operand. Example: x < y returns true if x is less than y. ΓÇóLess than or equal to (<=): returns true if left operand is less than or equal to right operand. Example: x <= y returns true if x is less than or equal to y.
String Operators
In addition to the comparison operators, which may be used on string values, the concatenation operator (+) concatenates two string values together, returning another string that is the union of the two operand strings. For example,
"my " + "string"
returns the string
"my string"
The shorthand assignment operator += can also be used to concatenate strings. For example, if the variable mystring is a string that has the value "alpha", then the expression
mystring += "bet"
evaluates to "alphabet" and assigns this value to mystring.
Operator Precedence
The precedence of operators determines the order they are applied when evaluating an expression. You can override operator precedence by using parentheses.
The precedence of operators, from lowest to highest is as follows:
